Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell
Prokaryotic Cellshave no nucleus
have DNA, ribosomes, and cytoplasm are very small are bacteria |
Animal Cellsare eukaryotic
have mitochondria, lysosomes, and centrioles |
Plant Cellsare eukaryotic
have chloroplasts, a large central vacuole, and a cell wall |
Eukaryotic Cells
large cells that contain a nucleus and many organelles
Organelles
Nucleus- brain of the cell, houses DNA, largest organelle, in most eukaryotic cells
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum- makes lipids (fatty acids, phospholipids, steroids), liver cells detoxify blood and regulate sugar levels, store calcium in muscle cells
Lysosomes- digestive enzymes enclosed in a sac, enzymes for lysosome made by ER and modified by Golgi
Chloroplasts- contain DNA, convert solar energy to chemical energy
Cytoplasm- liquid part of cell, organelles float in this
Cytoplasmic streaming- current found in cytoplasm |
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum- makes membrane and secretory proteins/secretory vesicles
Golgi Body- receives and modifies substances made by the ER
Vacuoles- primarily contain food in animal cells, plant central vacuole stores waste, pigments, and water for growth
Mitochondria- contain DNA, chemical energy of sugar converted into ATP
Ribosomes- protein synthesis occurs here
Centrioles- involved in cell division
|
Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments- made of actin globular proteins that form solid helical rods, aid in cell movement
found just inside plasma membrane
hold organelles in place
chain-like in appearance
smallest parts of cytoskeleton
found just inside plasma membrane
hold organelles in place
chain-like in appearance
smallest parts of cytoskeleton
Intermediate filaments- fibrous rather than globular proteins; ropelike; act as reinforcing rods and help to anchor organelles
anchor nucleus in place
anchor nucleus in place
Microtubules- made of globular protein called tubulin; tubulin is added or removed in pairs
involved in anchoring organelles and act as tracks for organelle movement
involved in anchoring organelles and act as tracks for organelle movement
Flagella and cilia
Junctions
Tight junctions- water proof junctions
|
Anchoring junctions- hold cells together
|
Communicating junctions- pass information or materials from one cell to the next
called plasmodesma for plant cells |
Cell membrane
ID proteins/glycoproteins- your body won't reject the cells
cholesterol- holds phospholipids together receptor protein- receives messages from other cells transport protein- lets stuff in and out phospholipids have a phosphate group and two fatty acids; the fatty acids are hydrophobic and nonpolar, the phosphate head is hydrophilic and polar |